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The Phenomenology of Spirit
''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most important and widely discussed philosophical work. Hegel's first book, it describes the three-stage dialectical life of Spirit. The title can be translated as either ''The Phenomenology of Spirit'' or ''The Phenomenology of Mind'', because the German word Geist has both meanings. The book's working title, which also appeared in the first edition, was ''Science of the Experience of Consciousness''. On its initial publication (see cover image on right), it was identified as Part One of a projected "System of Science", of which the ''Science of Logic'' was the second part. A smaller work, titled ''Philosophy of Spirit'' (also translated as "Philosophy of Mind"), appears in Hegel's ''Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences'', and recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original ''Phenomenology''.
''Phenomenology'' was the basis of Hegel's later philosophy and marked a significant development in German idealism after Kant. Focusing on topics in metaphysics, epistemology, physics, ethics, history, religion, perception, consciousness, and political philosophy, ''The Phenomenology'' is where Hegel develops his concepts of dialectic (including the Master-slave dialectic), absolute idealism, ethical life, and ''Aufhebung''. The book had a profound effect in Western philosophy, and "has been praised and blamed for the development of existentialism, communism, fascism, death of God theology, and historicist nihilism."〔Pinkard, Terry. Hegel's Phenomenology: the Sociality of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 2〕
==Historical context==
Hegel was putting the finishing touches to this book as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on October 14, 1806, in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. Hegel recounted his impressions in a letter to his friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer:
I saw the Emperor – this world-soul – riding out of the city on reconnaissance. It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world and masters it . . . this extraordinary man, whom it is impossible not to admire.
Pinkard notes that Hegel's comment to Niethammer "is all the more striking since at that point he had already composed the crucial section of the ''Phenomenology'' in which he remarked that the Revolution had now officially passed to another land (Germany) that would complete 'in thought' what the Revolution had only partially accomplished in practice."
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